Effects of a water aerobics program on the body composition of active middle-aged women

Authors

  • Juan José Manzano Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte. Universidad de Extremadura, España, Spain
  • Christian Clemente Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Spain
  • Asunción Grager Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Spain
  • Guillermo Olcina Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Spain

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15359/mhs.8-1.2

Keywords:

Health, fat percentage, BMI, muscle percentage, detraining

Abstract

Objective: Describe and analyze changes in body composition of middle-aged women after participating in a water aerobics physical activity program and a subsequent detraining period. Materials and Methods: The group analyzed consisted of 17 women from Arroyo de San Serván (Badajoz), who were physically active (had participated in fitness gymnastics programs one to three sessions per week for the past three months), with an average age of 53.6 ± 9.1 years. The program was comprised of sixty minute-sessions five days a week, for 6 weeks, with a 4-week detraining period. Three anthropometric evaluations were conducted: at the beginning and at the end of the program and after the detraining period. Size and weight were recorded during each measurement, including six skinfolds, four body circumferences and three bone diameters. Fat percentage was obtained from four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and abdominal) using the Yuhasz formula modified by Faulkner (1968). The muscle percentage was calculated from total mass percentage less bone percentage (Rocha, 1975), body fat percentage (Faulkner, 1968) and the residual percentage using the Wurch ́s equation (Esparza, 1993) of subjects measured, based on Matiegka ́s basic proposal (four components model). Results: after the program a significant increase was observed in muscle percentage: 32.69 ± 2.69% vs. 33.44 ± 2.89% (p <0.05), in muscle weight: 23.45 ± 3.53 kg vs. 24.02 ± 3.33 kg (p <0.05), as well as a significant decrease in the fat component reflected in the sum of skinfolds: 193.66 ± 25.54 mm vs. 188.38 ± 25.67 mm (p <0.05) and more specifically in the suprailiac skinfold, 30.47 ± 8.49 mm. vs 28.00 ± 8.78 mm (p <0.05). These trends were maintained during the detraining period, specifically in muscle percentage: 33.44 ± 2.89% vs. 34.25 ± 3.04% (p <0.01 compared to initial measurement), muscle weight: 24.02 ± 3.33 kg vs 24.74 ± 3.64 kg (p <0.01 compared to initial measurement), the sum of skinfolds: 188.38 ± 25.67 mm vs 183.41 ± 26.65 mm (p<0.05 compared to initial measurement). Conclusions: Participating in water aerobics programs for a short period of time under the conditions of this study decreases the fat component and significantly increases the muscle component in active middle-aged women.

References

Aparicio, V., Carbonell-Baeza, A. y Delgado-Fernández, M. (2010). Beneficios de la actividad física en personas mayores. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencia de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 10(40), 556-576.

Bocalini, D. S., Serra, A. J., Murad, N., & Levy, R. F. (2008). Water- versus land-based exercise effects on physical fitness in older women. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 8(4), 265-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00485.x

Castillo, M.J., Ortega, F.B. y Ruiz, J. (2005). Mejora de la forma física como terapia antienvejecimiento. Medicina Clínica, 124 (4), 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1157/13071011

Church, T. S., Martin, C. K., Thompson, A. M., Earnest, C. P., Mikus, C. R., & Blair, S. N. (2009). Changes in weight, waist circumference and compensatory responses with different doses of exercise among sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women. PLoS ONE, 4(2), e4515. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004515

Consejo de Europa. (1975). Conferencia de Ministros Europeos responsables del Deporte. Bruselas.

Esparza, F. (1993). Manual de Cineantropometría. Barcelona: Femede.

Faulkner, J. A. (1968). Physiology of swimming and diving. En: Falls, H. (Ed). Exercise physiology. Baltimore: Academic Press.

Gappmaier, E., Lake, W., Nelson, A. G. & Fisher, A. G. (2006). Aerobic exercise in water versus walking on land: effects on indices of fat reduction and weight loss of obese women. The Journal Of Sports Medicine Physical Fitness, 46(4), 564-9.

García, M. (2006). Veinticinco años de análisis del comportamiento deportivo de la población española (1980-2005). Revista Internacional de Sociología (RIS), 64(44), 15-38.

García, J. M., Navarro, M. y Ruiz, J.A. (1996). Bases teóricas del entrenamiento deportivo. Madrid: Editorial Gymnos.

Giada, F., Vigna, G. B., Vitale, E., Baldo-Enzi, G., Bertaglia, M., Crecca, R. & Fellin, R. (1995). Effect of age on the response of blood lipids, body composition, and aerobic power to physical conditioning and deconditioning. Metabolism, 44(2), 161-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(95)90259-7

González, E., Núñez, J. M. y Salvador, A. (1997). Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento sobre el estado de ánimo y la ansiedad en mujeres sedentarias. Psicothema, 9(3), 487-497.

González, J.M., Delgado, M., Contreras, O.R. y Vaquero, M. (2003). Variación antropométrica y de fuerza entre personas de 50 y 70 años practicantes de atletismo y gimnasia de mantenimiento. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 38(2), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0211-139X(03)74861-6

Greene, N. P., Lambert, B. S., Greene, E. S., Carbuhn, A. F., Green, J. S., & Crouse, S. F. (2009). Comparative efficacy of water and land treadmill training for overweight or obese adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(9), 1808-1815. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a23f7f

Huertas, F., López, A. L., Pablos, A., Colado, J. C., Pablos, C. y Campos, J. (2003). Efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico sobre el bienestar psicológico de mujeres mayores de 55 años. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 12(1), 7-26.

Irwin, M. L., Yasui, Y., Ulrich, C. M. Bowen, D., Rudolph, R. E., Schwartz R. S, Yukawa, M., Aiello, E., Potter J. D., & McTiernan A. (2003). Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(3), 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.3.323

Jakicic, J. M., Marcus, B. H., Gallagher, K. I., Napolitano, M. & Lang, W. (2003). Effect of exercise duration and intensity on weight loss in overweight, sedentary women: a randomized trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(10), 1323-1330. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.10.1323

Jiménez-Beatty, J. E., González, M. D., Rodríguez, M. M., Del Hierro, D. y Martínez, J. (2008). Hábitos de actividad física y demandas de servicios de actividad física de las mujeres adultas. Efdeportes, 12(118).

Kanemaru, A., Arahata, K., Ohta, T., Katoh, T., Tobimatsu, H., & Horiuchi, T. (2010). The efficacy of home-based muscle training for the elderly osteoporotic women: The effects of daily muscle training on quality of life (QoL). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 51(2), 169-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2009.10.003

Lee, R.C., Wang, Z., Heo, M., Ross, R., Janssen, I. & Heymsfield SB. (2000). Total-body skeletal muscle mass: development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 72(3), 796-803.

López, G., Baena, P. A., Rivas, A., Monteagudo, C., Jiménez, M. y Romero, A. (2005). Comparación de variables dinamométricas y antropométricas en la práctica de actividad física en el medio acuático: Aquaerobic vs Natación. Archivos de Medicina del Deporte: Comunicaciones de Biomecánica, 22(110), 524.

Ley, C. J., Lees, B., & Stevenson, J.C. (1992). Sex- and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55, 950-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5122(92)90236-w

Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., Stewart, A., & Carter, L. (2006). International standards for anthropometric assessment. South Africa: ISAK Potchefstroom.

Martínez, J., González, M. D., Jiménez-Beatty, J. E., Graupera, J. L., Martín, M., Campos, A. y Del Hierro, D. (2009). Los hábitos de actividad física de las mujeres mayores en España. International Journal of Sport Science, 5(14), 81-93.

Ministerio de Sanidad Política Social e Igualdad. Instituto Nacional de estadística. (2009). Encuesta Europea de Salud en España.

Morilla, M. (2001). Beneficios psicológicos de la actividad física y el deporte. EFdeportes, 7(43).

Nikolai, A. L., Novotny, B. A., Bohnen, C. L., Schleis, K. M., & Dalleck, L. C. (2009). Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to water aerobics exercise in middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(3), 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.3.333

Nindl, B. C., Harman, E. A., Marx, J. O., Gotshalk, L. A., Frykman, P. N., Lammi. E., Palmer, W. J., & Kraemer, W. J. (2000). Regional body composition changes in women after 6 months of periodized physical training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(6), 2251-2259.

Park, S. K., Park, J. H., Kwon, Y. C., Kim, H. S., Yoon, M. S., & Park, H. T. (2003). The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on abdominal fat in obese middle-aged women. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 22(3), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.22.129

Prestes, J., De Lima, C., Frollini, A.B., Donatto, F.F. & Conte, M. (2009). Comparison of linear and reverse linear periodization effects on maximal strength and body composition. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 23(1), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181874bf3

Rocha, M. (1975). Peso ósseo do brasileiro de ambos sexos de 17 a 25 anos. Arquivos de Anatomia e Antropología, 1, 445-451.

Saavedra, J. M., De la Cruz, E., Escalante, Y., & Rodríguez F.A. (2007). Influence of a medium-impact aquaerobic program on health-related quality of life and fitness level in healthy adult females. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(4), 468-474.

Saavedra, J. M., Escalante, Y., Pino, J., De la Cruz, E. y Rodríguez, F.A. (2006). Aplicación de un programa de aquaeróbic de muy corta duración (4 semanas) para la mejora de la condición física saludable en mujeres jóvenes sanas. Apunts Educació Física i esport, 86, 14-21.

Shimamoto, H., Adachi, Y., Takahashi, M., & Tanaka, K. (1998). Low impact aerobic dance as a useful exercise mode for reducing body mass in mildly obese middle-aged women. Applied Human Science, 17(3), 109-114. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.12.2495

Tabernero, B., Villa, J. G., Márquez, S., y García, J. (2000). Cambios en el nivel de condición física, relacionadas con la salid, en mujeres participantes en un programa municipal de baile aeróbico. Apunts: Educación Física yDeportes, 61, 74-79

Winters, K. M., & Snow, C.M. (2000). Detraining reverses positive effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system in premenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 15(12), 2495-2503. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.12.2495

Published

2011-07-31

How to Cite

Manzano, J. J., Clemente, C., Grager, A., & Olcina, G. (2011). Effects of a water aerobics program on the body composition of active middle-aged women. MHSalud: Revista En Ciencias Del Movimiento Humano Y Salud, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.15359/mhs.8-1.2

Issue

Section

Scientific Articles

How to Cite

Manzano, J. J., Clemente, C., Grager, A., & Olcina, G. (2011). Effects of a water aerobics program on the body composition of active middle-aged women. MHSalud: Revista En Ciencias Del Movimiento Humano Y Salud, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.15359/mhs.8-1.2

Comentarios (ver términos de uso)

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>