Rev. Mar. Cost. ESSN 1659-407X. Vol. 10 (1), Enero-Junio 2018.
Recibido: 2 octubre 2017 • Corregido: 2 febrero 2018 • Aceptado: 9 febrero 2018
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/revmar.10-1.2
Mass mortality of Canthigaster rostrata (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) on the southern Costa Rican Caribbean coast
Mortalidad masiva de Canthigaster rostrata (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) en la costa del Caribe Sur de Costa Rica
Lilliana Piedra-Castro1* and Alexander Araya-Vargas1
INTRODUCTION
Canthigaster rostrata (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) is a typical species in the Caribbean coral reef, in areas characterized by coral heads and dense patches of marine sponges. Females defend their territory, which is used for shelter, feeding and spawning (Sikkel, 1990). In the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, this species has been reported in the reefs of Puerto Viejo (Schaper, 1996), Isla Quiribí (Barrantes, 2010), Cahuita (Cortés et al. 2010), Cocles, Punta Uva, and Manzanillo (Arrieta, 2013).
Several reports of mass mortality of C. rostrata in the Greater Caribbean area have been made mainly by the press, blogs, or social networks (Castillo & Pérez, 2014; Gutiérrez, 2014; El Isleño, 2017); however, there is little documentation of this phenomenon in the scientific literature (Jordán-Garza et al. 2009), despite the fact that it may be a potential indicator of disturbances in marine environments.
The objective of this paper is to describe a mass mortality event of C. rostrata between April 17th and May 6th, 2017, in three sites along approximately 60 km of coastline and up to 1.35 km offshore of the Southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, as a recognition of the need to study indicators of changes in the ocean, and scientifically document mass mortality events.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dead individuals of C. rostrata were found and photographed on the sand and on the surface of the sea within the Gandoca-Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge (REGAMA), specifically in Playa Gandoca (9° 35’ 54.42’’ N and 82° 36’ 21.15’’ W) (Fig. 1a.) and Punta Uva (9° 39’ 11.12’’ N and 82° 41’ 33.94’’ W) (Fig. 1b). Members of the Cieneguita Fishermen’s Association reported a similar event near Isla Quiribí (9° 59’ 34.32’’ N and 83° 0’ 44.95’’ W). This is the only location where dead individuals, 86 to be exact, were collected floating on the surface of the sea.
Fig. 1. C. rostrata individuals found dead in a) the sand of Playa Gandoca (photo provided by Felix Morrison), b) in the water near Punta Uva, and c) collected in the water in Isla Quiribí, which were measured for total length in mm (Lt)
Fig. 1. Individuos de C. rostrata encontrados muertos en a) la arena de la Playa Gandoca (fotografía suministrada por Felix Morrison), b) en el agua en las cercanías a Punta Uva y c) recolectados en el agua en Isla Quiribí que fueron medidos en Lt (mm)
The photographs taken were analyzed individually to establish the maximum number of dead fish per m2. Fish collected were preserved in 70% alcohol and were later examined in the Laboratory of Natural Resources and Wildlife (LARNAVISI) at Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (UNA) to determine whether they had external lesions and to measure total length (Lt) (Fig. 1c) and weight (g). Control specimens were taken to the Museum of Zoology of the School of Biological Sciences at UNA. These specimens did not constitute the total number of dead fish found.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In Playa Gandoca, up to 57 dead individuals/m2 were found, arranged in a linear manner parallel to the coast, while in Punta Uva a maximum of 64 dead individuals/m2 were counted on the sea surface, being moved in rows by the currents from the northwest to the southeast. It is important to note that during the dives performed at Punta Uva, live healthy specimens of C. rostrata were found, larger than the dead individuals on the surface. None of the dead individuals photographed or collected showed lesions, spots, presence of ectoparasites, or morphological anomalies in external tissues that could indicate the cause of mortality.
The Lt of the collected fish varied between 25 and 49 mm, with an average of 36.73 ± 4.72 mm, while their weight ranged between 0.40 and 2.08 g, with an average of 0.90 ± 0.37 g. These sizes are similar to those found by Jordán-Garza et al. (2009) in another C. rostrata mass mortality event reported on the northwest coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, where average Lt was 38 ± 2.6 mm, with densities of 39.5 ± 23.6 dead individuals/m2.
Jordán-Garza et al. (2009) considered that the dead fish were probably juveniles of the same cohort, since their Lts were smaller than those of the adults of reproductive age reported by Sikkel (1990). This could also be the case for most of the individuals collected for the present study. Similar events have been reported in blogs and other electronic media in Costa Rica and elsewhere in the Caribbean (Table 1), in which the sizes of dead individuals were approximately 40 mm (Castillo & Pérez, 2014).
Table 1. Locations in the Greater Caribbean with reports of high C. rostrata mortalities
Cuadro 1. Localidades con reportes de mortalidades altas de C. rostrata en el Gran Caribe
|
Year |
Location |
Event |
Reference |
|
2008 |
Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) |
Mass mortality |
Jordán-Garza et al. (2009) |
|
2009 |
Roatán (Honduras) |
Increases in density and mortality, but no mass mortality |
N. Bolaños-Cubillos, Personal communication, January 31, 2018* |
|
2013 |
San Andrés (Colombia), Turneffe, South Water Caye, Gladden Spit, Silk Cayes, Sapodilla Cayes, Central & South Barrier Reef (Belize), Roatán (Honduras), Southern Caribbean (Costa Rica) |
Mass mortality and noticeable increase in density. |
N. Bolaños-Cubillos, personal communication, January 31, 2018* |
|
2014 |
Guna Yala and Bocas del Toro (Panama), Southern Caribbean (Costa Rica) |
Mortality |
Castillo & Pérez (2014) Gutiérrez (2014) |
|
2017 |
San Andrés (Colombia), Southern Caribbean (Costa Rica) |
Mass mortality and increased density |
El Isleño (2017). (see bibliography of this paper). |
* N. Bolaños-Cubillos allowed the citation of information of similar events in other locations in the Greater Caribbean reported in “Coral List” emails.
Some of the possible causes of death documented in other mass mortality events of tetraodontidae and reef fish include infection by ectoparasite copepods in Diodon maculatus (Sri Lanka) (Kirtisinghe, 1934), paralytic toxins produced by dinoflagellates (Baja California, Mexico) (Ochoa et al. 1997), outbreaks of diseases in surgeonfish such as Ctenochaetus striatus (French Polynesia) (Stier et al. 2013) and toxicosis (Hawaii), which caused vacuolar changes in the liver of Arothron hispidus and death (Work et al. 2017). The artisanal fishing practices in the area were ruled out as potential causes, since the event only affected C. rostrata, which is not a species of commercial interest. The phenomenon lasted three weeks and was observed in locations at least 10 km apart from each other.
High mortality could also be associated with increase in sea surface temperatures, which can intensify metabolic requirements and reduce survival when exceeding the optimal ranges for the species (Holt & Jørgensen, 2015). The adverse effects of temperature on the recruitment of fish have also been studied by Berlinsky et al. (2004), Trujillo (2009) and Shi et al. (2010). For the dates of the event reported, sea surface temperature fluctuated between 29 and 30°C (Universidad de Costa Rica, 2016), higher than that reported by Piedra-Castro (2017) in the period 2003-2013 in the same area. This could possibly affect survival.
However, these C. rostrata mass mortality events seem to be rather related to a recruitment strategy reported in fish of the family Tetraodontidae, such as Diodon holocanthus. These balloon fish form aggregations of up to 400 juvenile individuals/m2 in order to establish larger populations of adults at important feeding sites (Debrot & Nagelkerken, 1997). Local resources present in the reefs and marine phanerogams may, therefore, not be sufficient to sustain these large aggregations of juveniles.
Vali & Sinclair-Taylor (2011) reported a similar recruitment and mortality event for fish of the same genus (C. bennetti) in Sulawesi, during which the recruits had sizes similar to those discussed in this paper (approximately 40 mm). This could indicate an insufficiency of available resources in the environment required to satisfy the metabolic needs of high densities of individuals, which would constitute a stressor for the recruits causing the death of many individuals.
Although some possible causes of these mass mortality events have been presented in this paper, it is important to conduct exhaustive studies and implement strategies to monitor these phenomena and their consequences in marine ecosystems.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arrieta, A. U. (2013). Estructura de la comunidad de peces de la zona arrecifal de Puerto Viejo-Punta Mona, Limón, Costa Rica. Unpublished master’s thesis, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Barrantes, N. (2010). Programa interpretativo del ecosistema marino de la Isla Quiribrí (Uvita), Limón. Unpublished licentiate’s thesis, Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica.
Berlinsky, D. L., Taylor, J. C., Howell, R., Bradley, T. M. & Smith, T. I. (2004). The effects of temperature and salinity on early life stages of black sea bass Centropristis striata. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 35(3), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb00097.x
Castillo, A. & Pérez, E. (2014). Aparecen muertos miles de peces Uas Moldugwas, de la especie, Canthigaster rostrata, en los Archipiélagos del Caribe Panameño. Gubiler. Retrieved on September 14, 2017 from http://gubiler.blogspot.com/2014/11/aparecen-muertos-miles-de-peces-uas.html
Cortés, J., Fonseca, A. C., Nivia-Ruiz, J., Nielsen-Muñoz, V., Samper-Villarreal, J., Salas, E., Martínez, S. & Zamora-Trejos, P. (2010). Monitoring coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves in Costa Rica (CARICOMP). Rev. Biol. Trop., 58(3), 1-22.
Debrot, A. O. & Nagelkerken, I. (1997). A rare mass recruitment of the balloonfish (Diodon holocanthus L.) in the Leeward Dutch Antilles, 1994. Caribb. J. Sci., 33(3-4), 284-286.
Gutiérrez, T. (2014). Pescadores reportan miles de peces muertos en las playas del Caribe Sur. CRhoy. Retrieved on January 29, 2018 from http://www.crhoy.com/archivo/pescadores-reportan-miles-de-peces-muertos-en-las-playas-del-caribe-sur-v3l7l8x/
Holt, R. E. & Jørgensen, C. (2015). Climate change in fish: effects of respiratory constraints on optimal life history and behavior. Biol. Lett., 11, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.1032
El Isleño. (2017). Investigan muerte masiva de peces en San Andrés. Retrieved on September 14, 2017 from http://www.elisleño.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13259:investigan-muerte-masiva-de-peces-en-varios-sectores-de-la-isla&catid=41:ambiental&Itemid=83
Jordán-Garza, A. G., Díaz-Almeyda, E. M., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Maldonado, M. A. & Ortega, J. (2009). Mass mortality of Canthigaster rostrata at the northeastcoast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Coral Reefs, 28, 661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0492-x
Kirtisinghe, P. (1934). Parasitic infection of porcupine fish. Nature, 133, 142. https://doi.org/10.1038/133142a0
Ochoa, J. L., Sánchez-Paz, A., Cruz-Villacorta, A., Núñez-Vázquez, E. & Sierra-Beltrán, A. (1997). Toxic events in the northwest Pacific coastline of Mexico during 1992-1995: origin and impact. Hydrobiologia, 352(1-2), 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003015103760
Piedra-Castro, L. (2017). Estrategia de manejo de recursos ecosistémicos marino-costeros en el Caribe Sur de Costa Rica, orientadas orientada a la adaptación a la variabilidad climática de las comunidades costeras. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica.
Schaper, S. (1996). La comunidad de peces en el arrecife de Puerto Viejo (Limón, Costa Rica). Rev. Biol. Trop., 44(2), 923-925.
Shi, Y. H., Zhang, G. Y., Zhu, Y. Z., Liu, J. Z. & Zang, W. L. (2010). Effects of temperature on fertilized eggs and larvae oftawny puffer Takifugu flavidus. Aquacult. Res., 41(12), 1741-1747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02460.x
Sikkel, P. C. (1990). Social organization and spawning in the Atlantic sharpnose puffer, Canthigaster rostrata (Tetraodontidae). Environ. Biol. Fish., 27(4), 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002743
Stier, A., Idjadi, J., Geange, S. & Jada-Simone, W. (2013). High mortality in a surgeonfish following an exceptional settlement event. Pac. Sci., 67(4), 533-538. https://doi.org/10.2984/67.4.4
Trujillo, O. (2009). Dinámico de reclutamiento de peces de arrecife rocoso del suroeste del Golfo de California. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, La Paz, Mexico.
Universidad de Costa Rica. (2016). Módulo de Información Oceanográfica. Retrieved on January 29, 2018 from http://miocimar.ucr.ac.cr/content/temperatura-superficial-del-mar-24.
Vali, A. L. & Sinclair-Taylor, T. (2011). Mass schooling and mortality of Canthigaster bennetti in Sulawesi. Coral Reefs, 30(1), 251-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-010-0706-2
Work, T., Moeller, P., Beauchesne, K., Dagenais, J., Breeden, R., Rameyer, R. … & Winton, J. (2017). Pufferfish mortality associated with novel polar marine toxins in Hawaii. Dis. Aquat. Org., 123(2), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03096
1 Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales y Vida Silvestre (LARNAVISI), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. lilliana.castro.piedra@una.cr* and alex.araya.vargas@gmail.com
Licencia Creative Commons • Atribución-No-Comercial • SinDerivadas 3.0 Costa Rica