El Enfoque de la cadena global de mercancías como herramienta analítica en las economías en vías de desarrollo
Keywords:
Mercancías, cadena global, desarrollo, competitividad, industrias.Abstract
Los países en vías de desarrollo han venido aplicando estrategias de ajuste estructural con el fin de reorientar sus economías desde el mercado interno hacia un desarrollo orientado al exterior. Este proceso conlleva a la necesidad de convertir sus industrias en unas de mayor competitividad internacional, y esto de una manera sistémica y sostenible. Sin embargo, en la fase actual de globalización, estas economías se ven confrontadas con tendencias de fragmentación y descentralización progresivas de los procesos de producción; y las fronteras nacionales llegan a ser menos importantes económicamente, a raíz de la liberalización de los flujos de mercancías y de capital internacionales, así como a la reducción gradual del papel de los Estados.
El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar la utilidad del enfoque de la cadena global de mercancías para el diseño de estrategias de desarrollo, ya que éste permite incluir en el análisis la nuevas dinámicas de la organización internacional de las industrias globales. Las teorías del comercio internacional predominantes que se basan en las ventajas absolutas, comparativas o competitivas, resultan incompletas o inadecuadas como marco teórico para el diseño de políticas orientadas a fortalecer la competitividad dentro del contexto actual de globalización. Una deficiencia importante de estas teorías es su imposibilidad de integrar coherentemente en la valoración de las políticas, la existencia o la generación de externalidades. Varios estudios recientes demuestran que las políticas que simplemente generan un crecimiento en las exportaciones, no pueden garantizar la transición hacia el desarrollo sostenible de la economía, y uno de los mayores méritos del enfoque de la cadena consiste en la posibilidad de incluir en el análisis los importantes y significativos cambios que están ocurriendo en las fronteras territoriales y de producción. Además, este enfoque puede aportar criterios que permiten completar el marco de análisis de la economía del desarrollo.
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